Firewood and charcoal are the main sources of energy for households and many small and medium enterprises, such as brick and tile industries. The cooking fuels used in Cambodia have changed greatly in the last decade. The National Census 2008 showed that 91 percent of ef='https://opendevelopmentcambodia.net/topics/cooking-fuel/ ' class='cambodia-color'>...

The eU Ambassador to Cambodia, Carmen Moreno, shook hands with Prime Minister Hun Sen at Peace Palace on December 2, 2019. Photo from Prime Minister Hun Sen’s Facebook page.european Union (eU) has been one of Cambodia’s biggest trading partners and a major development partner since ef='https://opendevelopmentcambodia.net/topics/european-union-aid/ ' class='cambodia-color'>...

Rice field in Cambodia’s countryside. Photo by fmpgoh, taken on 15 July 2009. Licensed under CC BY-NC-ND 2.0The main products from the agriculture sector are rice, rubber, corn, vegetables, cashews and cassava. Unprocessed agricultural exports were projected to be more than 90 percent of total agricultural ef='https://opendevelopmentcambodia.net/topics/agricultural-production/ ' class='cambodia-color'>...

Defining and measuring forests is not an easy business. Definitions that initially sound very similar can turn out to have crucial differences. Understanding the terms is important for understanding forest use, forest cover, forest laws and policies and deforestation. ef='https://opendevelopmentcambodia.net/topics/terms-and-definitions/ ' class='cambodia-color'>...

Forest view. Photo by Open Development Cambodia, taken on 05 December 2021. Under license CC BY-SA 4.0.Cambodia is covered with forest, accounting for around 13.1 million hectares in 1973, and it is had fallen to 8.7 million hectares in 2014.74 However, based on the Ministry ef='https://opendevelopmentcambodia.net/topics/carbon-trading-and-other-payments-for-ecological-services-pes/ ' class='cambodia-color'>...

Higher education, in general, refers to education beyond the secondary level. Higher education institutions (HeIs) in Cambodia can be classified into three categories: The Royal Academy, university, and college. Cambodia’s higher education consists of an associate degree, four years of undergraduate education, two years of ef='https://opendevelopmentcambodia.net/topics/higher-education/ ' class='cambodia-color'>...

The judiciary is one of the three powers, together with the executive (the Government) and legislative (the National Assembly and the Senate), that constitute the state. 190 Its role is to monitor the application of the law and punish its violation. This power is vested ef='https://opendevelopmentcambodia.net/topics/judiciary-and-courts/ ' class='cambodia-color'>...

Deforestation has always been a problem in Cambodia since the 1970s, and it has aggravated in​the last decade. Some protected areas have been deforested. Between 2001 and 2018, Cambodia had lost 557,000 hectares (11.7%) of forest cover in protected areas.238 This loss has had an ef='https://opendevelopmentcambodia.net/topics/forest-protection/ ' class='cambodia-color'>...

Prey Lang Wildlife Sanctuary. Photo by U.S. embassy Phnom Penh on 09 June 2016. Licensed under CC BY-ND 2.0.Cambodia had over 8 million hectares of forest resources in 2020, accounting for 44.7% of the country’s total land area. 292 The state owns the whole forest ef='https://opendevelopmentcambodia.net/topics/forest-products/ ' class='cambodia-color'>...

Respect for strong values is the key to citizens’ trust in their courts.322 The international values recognized for judges are independence and impartiality, integrity, equality of treatment, diligence and competence. A judge cannot both decide a case and have a personal interest in its resolution. ef='https://opendevelopmentcambodia.net/topics/court-monitoring/ ' class='cambodia-color'>...

The United States of America (the US) is one of the biggest donors to Cambodia.368 369 The history of cooperation and relations between the two countries can be traced back to the early 1950s after Cambodia received full independence from France. In 1955, the first ef='https://opendevelopmentcambodia.net/topics/united-states-aid/ ' class='cambodia-color'>...

In 1996, the Ministry of Commerce (MoC) was established by law. Its organization and functioning is defined by a sub-decree of the Royal Government of Cambodia. After a nomination of the Prime Minister’s candidate and the vote of confidence on the cabinet by the National ef='https://opendevelopmentcambodia.net/topics/ministry-of-commerce/ ' class='cambodia-color'>...

Young man fishing with a cast net on Siem Reap river, Cambodia. Photo by Brian Hoffman, taken on 12 January 2015. Licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 2.0.Fisheries management in Cambodia is divided between central and local governments. At the central level, the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry ef='https://opendevelopmentcambodia.net/topics/fishing-policy-and-administration/ ' class='cambodia-color'>...

There is currently no oils refinery in Cambodia. Although a refinery has been planned, its construction has been delayed several times, reportedly over financing difficulties. ef='https://opendevelopmentcambodia.net/topics/oil-refineries/ ' class='cambodia-color'>...

U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry and Cambodian Prime Minister Hun Sen at a bilateral meeting. Photo by U.S. embassy Phnom Penh, taken on 06 January 2016. Licensed under CC BY-ND 2.0.Cambodia is a lower middle-income country with a fast-growing economy that has sustained a ef='https://opendevelopmentcambodia.net/topics/trade/ ' class='cambodia-color'>...

According to the Kingdom of Cambodia’s 2019 general population census, the total Cambodian population is 15,552,211 (51.31% of females).496 By 2021, the population increased to 16,589,023.497 Vietnamese, Chinese, Chams and other minorities also live in the country. Indigenous ethnic groups known as “Khmer Loeu” live ef='https://opendevelopmentcambodia.net/topics/ethnic-minorities-and-indigenous-people/ ' class='cambodia-color'>...

The Ministry of environment is the main authority mandated to oversee environmental issues, including protected areas, environmental impact assessments, and management of natural resources. ef='https://opendevelopmentcambodia.net/topics/relevant-ministries/ ' class='cambodia-color'>...

Voice from Cambodia–Time is running out. Photo by Oxfam International, taken on 21 October 2009. Licensed under CC BY-NC-ND 2.0.Climate change is the long-term change in the statistical distribution of weather patterns. While the climate of the earth has always gone through periods of change, modern scientific evidence ef='https://opendevelopmentcambodia.net/topics/climate-change/ ' class='cambodia-color'>...

Arbitration Council in session, Cambodia. Photo by ILO (Asia and the Pacific), took on 8 June 2012. Licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 2.0 GenericThe Arbitration Council was established by the 1997 Labor Law. However, the Arbitration Council just opened its doors to serve employers, employees, workers and ef='https://opendevelopmentcambodia.net/topics/labor-arbitration/ ' class='cambodia-color'>...

The Cambodia Red Cross (CRC) is the principal humanitarian society in Cambodia. The government has designated it as an auxiliary to public bodies offering humanitarian assistance. In addition to the national headquarters, the CRC has 25 branches.595 CRC was founded in 1955 and has worked ef='https://opendevelopmentcambodia.net/topics/red-cross/ ' class='cambodia-color'>...