SDG 12 Responsible consumption and production
![](https://opendevelopmentcambodia.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/goal-12-01-150x150.png)
One of the key goals of the 2030 Agenda is to “decouple economic growth from resource use and environmental degradation”.1 Sustainable consumption and production involves promotion of resource and energy efficiency as well as reduction of economic, social and environmental costs. These are intended to ...
Ethnic minorities and indigenous people
![](https://opendevelopmentcambodia.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/8917553637_d58dfa44c9_k-150x150.jpg)
According to the Kingdom of Cambodia’s 2019 general population census, the total Cambodian population is 15,552,211 (51.31% of females).30 By 2021, the population increased to 16,589,023.31 Vietnamese, Chinese, Chams and other minorities also live in the country. Indigenous ethnic groups known as “Khmer Loeu” live ...
Water policy and administration
![](https://opendevelopmentcambodia.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/December-8-2008-Water-Policy-and-administration-150x150.jpg)
In Cambodia, alternate periods of drought and heavy rains bring challenges for water management. The current trends show increasing annual rainfall and temperature throughout Cambodia, with a likelihood that both flooding and droughts will increase in frequency, severity and duration66. Water management involves issues of ...
Ethnic minorities and indigenous people policy and rights
![](https://opendevelopmentcambodia.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Photo-2-150x150.jpg)
Cambodia is known for its rich cultural diversity, including ethnic minorities and indigenous communities. As the country has developed, efforts have been made to recognize and protect these groups’ rights through policies and initiatives to promote inclusivity, preserve cultural heritage, and address issues such as ...
Construction
Construction on a Phnom Penh tower block. Photo by Axel Drainville, taken on 4 May 2011. Licensed under CC BY-NC 2.0The construction industry has boomed in Cambodia. From 2000 to November 2018, Cambodia’s Ministry of Land Management, Urban Planning and Construction approved 43,136 construction projects representing ...
Government
![](https://opendevelopmentcambodia.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Norodom_king_of_Cambodia-150x150.jpg)
Cambodia is set up as a multi-party democracy under a constitutional monarchy. The King serves as the head of state and the Prime Minister is the head of the Royal Government of Cambodia. Norodom Sihamoni,164 the King, was crowned in 2004 after the abdication of ...
Economy and commerce
![](https://opendevelopmentcambodia.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/2954904100_39de892275_o-150x150.jpg)
Counting money. Photo by Aaron Gilson, taken on 5 April 2013. Licensed under CC BY-NC-ND 2.0.Cambodia re-opened for international trade in the 1980s, opened up to foreign investment in 1994, joined ASEAN in 1999, and became a member of the WTO in 2004. Its bilateral ...
Protected areas
![](https://opendevelopmentcambodia.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/10581043793_dfa6de975c_b-150x150.jpg)
As Cambodia emerged from years of conflict, pressures grew on natural resources and sensitive areas. In response, a number of protected areas were created by royal decree in 1993 to protect ecologically and culturally important places. More detailed guidelines on managing the country’s protected areas ...
Administration
![](https://opendevelopmentcambodia.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Vien-Health-Center_Provincial-and-local-government-150x150.jpg)
Cambodia’s sub-national administration consists of three tiers: capital city/province, municipality/district and sangkat/commune. Phnom Penh is the capital, and there are 24 provinces, 159 districts (including 26 municipalities and 12 khans), 1406 communes and 227 sangkats. ...
Expropriation
![](https://opendevelopmentcambodia.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/LandImage29-150x150.jpg)
The Constitution of the Kingdom of Cambodia and the Land Law of 2001 both guarantee an individual’s right to property protection. Though part of the Government’s policy framework since 2002, not until 2010 did a legal framework exist to govern the process by which the ...
Elections
![](https://opendevelopmentcambodia.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/Ballot-for-national-election_Election-150x150.jpg)
Election ballots, Cambodia. Photo by Daniel Littlewood, taken on April 20, 2004. Licensed under CC BY-NC-ND 2.0History of Cambodia’s electionsCambodia saw consecutive civil wars for more than 20 years after the coup in 1970. In 1991, parties in the conflict reached agreement to end the ...
Social land concessions
![](https://opendevelopmentcambodia.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/8394332909_3645351b4a_k-150x150.jpg)
Social land concessions (SLCs) are intended to provide to the landless or land-poor land on which to establish residences and/or generate income through agriculture. The Cambodian Government that more than 30,000 households have received land as social land concessions. Despite its pro-poor intention, the SLC ...
Chinese aid
![](https://opendevelopmentcambodia.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Laboratory-construction-by-Chinese-money-150x150.jpg)
Construction of a laboratory funded by Chinese money. Photo by Michael Coghlan, taken on 10 January 2014. Licensed under CC-BY-SA 2.0China, while once being at odds with the current government, is now Cambodia’s largest development partner. The two nations have grown increasingly close in recent ...
Forests and forestry
![](https://opendevelopmentcambodia.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/8499155449_1235a88784_k-150x150.jpg)
Cambodia’s forests have seen a significant reduction of total forest and dense forest cover in recent years, the growth of plantations, particularly rubber, and an ongoing problem with illegal logging. ...
Tourism
![](https://opendevelopmentcambodia.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/3142368854_cf3bcabb4c_c-150x150.jpg)
The Royal Government of Cambodia has acknowledged the potential of the tourism industry as a source of Cambodia’s socio-economy growth, including job creation and poverty reduction. Tourism has been considered one of Cambodia’s key economic pillars, both international and domestic. In the early 2000s, the ...
Securities exchange (stock market)
![](https://opendevelopmentcambodia.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/CSX-building-150x150.jpg)
Starting from 2001, work began on promoting the formation of a Cambodian Stock Exchange (CSE or CSX) as a means of supporting the economic system in Cambodia’s development. A stock exchange facilitates the buying and selling of stocks among investors. Dr. Bit Seanglim, Chairman of ...
SDG 16 Peace, justice and strong institutions
![](https://opendevelopmentcambodia.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/GOAL_16_PNG_KH-150x150.png)
Goal 16’s full title is “Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels.” It has a monitoring framework of 12 targets (2 around means of implementation) and 23 indicators. Transition ...
Ground water
![](https://opendevelopmentcambodia.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Groundwater-at-Village-school-150x150.jpg)
Cambodia relies heavily on its groundwater resources to overcome water shortages during the dry season. More than half of the population depends on it when enough surface water is not available. At a certain depth, the ground is saturated with water, and the upper surface ...
SDG 5 Gender equality
![sdg5](https://opendevelopmentcambodia.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/SDG5-150x150.png)
The Sustainable Development Goal 5 (SDG 5) is initiated to “achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls”. The global SDG 5 consists of 9 targets (3 targets as means of implementation) and 14 indicators. The objectives of SDG 5 are expressed in terms ...