Energy
Cambodia has undergone rapid economic development in recent decades, with GDP per capita tripled between 1999 and 2013. However, mainly due to three decades of war and political turmoil which severely damaged the country’s infrastructure, the country still lacks the means required for energy sector ss='cambodia-color'>...
Mining
The mining sector in Cambodia is mostly undeveloped, and active mining enterprises are typically small-scale quarries producing materials for construction, such as laterite, marble, granite, limestone, gravel and sand. There is no industrial-scale extraction of minerals, although many exploration licenses have been granted to ss='cambodia-color'>...
Air pollution
The smoke and stench blow into the air in Phnom Penh’s huge landfill. Photo by Alan Morgan, taken on 17 september 2011. Licensed under CC BY-NC-ND 2.0Air pollution originates mainly from the burning of fuels such as petroleum, diesel and coal in the transport, household, ss='cambodia-color'>...
Fish farming and aquaculture
Fish farmers operating cage culture, Cambodia. Photo by O. Joffre/WorldFish, taken on 3 October 2009. Licensed under CC BY-NC-ND 2.0.Aquaculture production has grown significantly. In 2012 it stood at 74,000 tonnes, or almost 11 percent of total fishery production. By 2016 it had grown to ss='cambodia-color'>...
Ministry of Economy and Finance
National Bank of Cambodia, Cambodia. Photo by Stephen McGrath, taken on 21 June 2010. LicenSed under CC BY-NC-ND 2.0 &nbSp;In 1996, the MiniStry of Economy and Finance (MEF) waS eStabliShed by law.35 ItS organization and functioning iS defined by a Sub-decree of the Royal Government SS='cambodia-color'>...
Oil refineries
There is currently no oils refinery in Cambodia. Although a refinery has been planned, its construction has been delayed several times, reportedly over financing difficulties. ss='cambodia-color'>...
Small and medium enterprises SME
Small and medium enterpriSeS (SME) have long been conSidered a vital driver to economic growth for developing economieS. SMES Stimulate job creation throughout the country. Migration of employment to neighboring countrieS and the unemployment rate haS Significantly decreaSed due to a riSing number of SMES, SS='cambodia-color'>...
Urban administration and development
Bird eye view of a local market in Phnom Penh. Photo by Roberto Trombetta, taken on 8 May 2015. Photo licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 2.0 GenericThe development and administration of Cambodia’s urban areas has struggled to keep pace with urban population growth. For example, ss='cambodia-color'>...
Land policy and administration
The Royal Government of Cambodia's land policy has three pillars: land administration, land management and land distribution. The objective of the country’s land policy is to facilitate the use and management of land and natural resources for socio-economic development in an equitable and sustainable manner. ss='cambodia-color'>...
Head of state
The Kingdom of Cambodia is a constitutional monarchy. The king is the head of state for his lifetime but does not govern. ss='cambodia-color'>...
Forest protection NGOs
The protection of Cambodian forests is primarily the responsibility of the Ministry of Agriculture, Forests and Fisheries (MAFF) and the Ministry of Environment. There are, however, many non-governmental organizations (NGOs) working in the area, from United Nations (UN) agencies and other global bodies to locally-registered ss='cambodia-color'>...
Banking and financial services policy and regulation
Political stability and economic growth of all sectors have played vital role in building the public and foreign investors’ confidence and maintaining the safety and soundness of banking system in Cambodia. The banking sector continues to have substantial growth as it shares 82.2% in the ss='cambodia-color'>...
Chinese aid
Construction of a laboratory funded by Chinese money. Photo by Michael Coghlan, taken on 10 January 2014. Licensed under CC-BY-sA 2.0China, while once being at odds with the current government, is now Cambodia’s largest development partner. The two nations have grown increasingly close in recent ss='cambodia-color'>...
Taxation
Heavy trucks on a street in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Photo by Phalinn Ool, taken on June 15 2015. Licensed under CC BY-NC-ND 2.0The Cambodian government’s 2014–18 Revenue Mobilization strategy aimed to enhance revenue administration and strongly increase the collection of taxes and other revenue. The ss='cambodia-color'>...
Protected areas
As Cambodia emerged from years of conflict, pressures grew on natural resources and sensitive areas. In response, a number of protected areas were created by royal decree in 1993 to protect ecologically and culturally important places. More detailed guidelines on managing the country’s protected areas ss='cambodia-color'>...
Securities exchange policy and regulation
For most of the 21st century, Cambodia has enjoyed significant economic expansion, moving from a period of political turmoil to emerge as one of the fastest-growing economies in the world. Cambodia achieved lower-middle-income status in 2015, largely as a result of free-market reforms, the introduction ss='cambodia-color'>...
Agricultural policy and administration
Agriculture in Cambodia accounts for approximately 56% of the labour force. The size of the sector means that policies developed here have a significant impact on the whole country. Agricultural policy and administration is managed by the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF). There ss='cambodia-color'>...
Cooking fuel
Firewood and charcoal are the main sources of energy for households and many small and medium enterprises, such as brick and tile industries. The cooking fuels used in Cambodia have changed greatly in the last decade. The National Census 2008 showed that 91 percent of ss='cambodia-color'>...
Forest policy and administration
Logging truck in Mondulkiri protected forest , Cambodia. Photo by Global Water Forum, taken on 23 February 2014. Licensed under CC BY-NC-sA 2.0Cambodia is deeply concerned about deforestation. While the country seeks fast economic development, forests represent a tremendous national treasure. In order to help ss='cambodia-color'>...
Types of state-protected areas
Flooded forest in Cambodia. Photo by Andrea Kirkby, taken 11 May 2014. Licensed under CC BY-NC 2.0.A 1993 royal decree designated 23 protected areas covering about 3,273,300 ha, equal to around 18% of the country’s total land area, and brought them under the jurisdiction of the Ministry ss='cambodia-color'>...
