Young child drinks clean water in Cambodia. Photo by Cecilia Snyder, taken on 12 July 2003. Licensed under CC BY-NC-ND 2.0Water pollution can be defined in many different ways. Basically, it is the contamination of water when pollutants are discharged into water bodies without treatment ef='https://opendevelopmentcambodia.net/topics/water-pollution/ ' class='cambodia-color'>...

National Bank of Cambodia, Cambodia. Photo by Stephen McGrath, taken on 21 June 2010. Licensed under CC BY-NC-ND 2.0  In 1996, the Ministry of economy and Finance (MeF) was established by law.29 Its organization and functioning is defined by a sub-decree of the Royal Government ef='https://opendevelopmentcambodia.net/topics/ministry-of-economy-and-finance/ ' class='cambodia-color'>...

Cambodia is one of the countries most affected by land mines and explosive remnants of war as a result of its tumultuous history. The country is working with a variety of partners to demine the country by 2019. ef='https://opendevelopmentcambodia.net/topics/landmines-uxo-and-demining/ ' class='cambodia-color'>...

ExtractivE industriEs includE mining and minEral sEctors, natural gas and oil Exploration, pEtrolEum rEfinEriEs, and quarrying for construction rEsourcEs such as sand, stonE, and gravEl. Cambodia’s ExtractivE rEsourcEs havE gonE largEly untappEd, whilE thEsE rEsourcEs arE gEographically idEntifiablE. FrEnch and ChinEsE gEologists havE bEEn indicatEd Ef='https://opEndEvElopmEntcambodia.nEt/topics/ExtractivE-industriEs/ ' class='cambodia-color'>...

ElEctricitE du CambodgE (EdC). Photo by bmEabroad, takEn on 10 NovEmbEr 2011. LicEnsEd undEr CC BY-NC-SA 2.0.Low ElEctrification ratEs and ovEr-dEpEndEncE on fossil fuEl imports havE contributEd to Cambodia ranking 120 out of 124 nations in thE nEw World Economic Forum’s Global EnErgy ArchitEcturE PErformancE IndEx Ef='https://opEndEvElopmEntcambodia.nEt/topics/EnErgy-policy-and-administration/ ' class='cambodia-color'>...

The law-making process is about making and enacting new laws or revising existing laws.In the Kingdom of Cambodia, three institutions can initiate the law-making process: any member of the National Assembly, any member of the Senate and the prime minister. 133 Most of the texts ef='https://opendevelopmentcambodia.net/topics/law-making-process/ ' class='cambodia-color'>...

Renewable sources of energy include biofuels, solar, wind, tidal and geothermal energy. Fossil fuels such as petroleum or coal are not renewable. ef='https://opendevelopmentcambodia.net/topics/renewable-energy-production/ ' class='cambodia-color'>...

Cambodia has begun to integrate disaster and climate resilience goals into its national policies but implementation remains difficult. In the National Action Plan for Disaster Risk Reduction 2014–2018, the government prioritizes the target to: “build a resilient nation and local communities to pursue sustainable development.” ef='https://opendevelopmentcambodia.net/topics/disaster-and-emergency-response-funding/ ' class='cambodia-color'>...

The protection of Cambodian forests is primarily the responsibility of the Ministry of Agriculture, Forests and Fisheries (MAFF) and the Ministry of environment. There are, however, many non-governmental organizations (NGOs) working in the area, from United Nations (UN) agencies and other global bodies to locally-registered ef='https://opendevelopmentcambodia.net/topics/forest-protection-ngos/ ' class='cambodia-color'>...

In 1996, the Ministry of Commerce (MoC) was established by law. Its organization and functioning is defined by a sub-decree of the Royal Government of Cambodia. After a nomination of the Prime Minister’s candidate and the vote of confidence on the cabinet by the National ef='https://opendevelopmentcambodia.net/topics/ministry-of-commerce/ ' class='cambodia-color'>...

Land in Cambodia is divided into three classifications: private property, state private property and state public property. The distinction between state private property and state public property is essential to determining how state land is to be used. ef='https://opendevelopmentcambodia.net/topics/land-classifications/ ' class='cambodia-color'>...

Cambodia flood, 2011. Photo by EuropEan Commission, takEn on 11 OctobEr 2011. LicEnsEd undEr CC BY 2.0Storms, flooding and lightning strikEs arE thE major causEs of dEath and propErty damagE from natural disastErs in Cambodia, whilE drought causEs sEvErE hardship, EspEcially for farmErs. In a Ef='https://opEndEvElopmEntcambodia.nEt/topics/disastErs-and-EmErgEncy-rEsponsE/ ' class='cambodia-color'>...

Maina Kiai speaking with journalists outside the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Phnom Penh. Photo by Maina Kiai, taken on 6 February 2014. Licensed under CC BY 2.0The first humanitarian international non-governmental organizations arrived in 1989. After the 1993 election, more and more internal organizations ef='https://opendevelopmentcambodia.net/topics/private-non-profit-development-assistance/ ' class='cambodia-color'>...

Although there are often new discoveries,299 a global lack of up to date data on botanical research makes plants biodiversity hard to assess in Cambodia. Compared to neighboring countries, the number of plant species is low, mostly due to the relative country’s flat landscape.300 Botanical knowledge ef='https://opendevelopmentcambodia.net/topics/plants/ ' class='cambodia-color'>...

The legal framework surrounding land sales and transfers was obliterated by the 2007 Civil Code, leaving little legal guidance. Forced land sales and distress sales are a substantial cause of land tenure insecurity in Cambodia. They are a significant cause of landlessness, and it is ef='https://opendevelopmentcambodia.net/topics/land-sales-and-trades/ ' class='cambodia-color'>...

Cambodia has strong diplomatic links with many countries. Its warmest relationship with a superpower is with the People's Republic of China. The most important economic ties are with China, the United States of America, Thailand and Vietnam. Cambodia is a member of the UN, ASeAN, ef='https://opendevelopmentcambodia.net/topics/international-relations/ ' class='cambodia-color'>...

Two daughters look at their mother who is dying from HIV/AIDS, Cambodia. Photo by World Bank, taken in 2002. Licensed under CC BY-NC-ND 2.0.Two common features mark Cambodia’s major health concerns:Some health figures are among the worst in the world – the 26 cases of ef='https://opendevelopmentcambodia.net/topics/priority-health-concerns/ ' class='cambodia-color'>...

The Royal Government of Cambodia's land policy has three pillars: land administration, land management and land distribution. The objective of the country’s land policy is to facilitate the use and management of land and natural resources for socio-economic development in an equitable and sustainable manner. ef='https://opendevelopmentcambodia.net/topics/land-policy-and-administration/ ' class='cambodia-color'>...

Sustainable Development Goal 14 is primarily about the interactions of humans with the oceans. Specifically, it aims to conserve and manage the use of oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development.396 A UN General Assembly call for action has been used to clearly articulate ef='https://opendevelopmentcambodia.net/topics/sdg14-life-below-water/ ' class='cambodia-color'>...

SDG 11 – “Making cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable” – aims to improve housing, transport, public spaces and urban environments, and strengthens resilience to disasters and climate change.There are seven targets covering specific areas and three means of implementation targets.468 Most of the ef='https://opendevelopmentcambodia.net/topics/sdg-11-sustainable-cities-and-communities/ ' class='cambodia-color'>...