Types of state-protected areas
Flooded forest in Cambodia. Photo by Andrea Kirkby, taken 11 May 2014. Licensed under CC BY-NC 2.0.A 1993 royal decree designated 23 protected areas covering about 3,273,300 ha, equal to around 18% of the country’s total land area, and brought them under the jurisdiction of the Ministry ef='https://opendevelopmentcambodia.net/topics/types-of-state-protected-areas/ ' class='cambodia-color'>...
Legal aid
Under Cambodia’s Constitution, all Khmer citizens have equal status before the law, regardless of wealth or station.17 This promotes a political principle called the rule of law,18 an ideal that all members of a society, both the people and the State, are held equally accountable ef='https://opendevelopmentcambodia.net/topics/legal-aid/ ' class='cambodia-color'>...
Forest protection NGOs
The protection of Cambodian forests is primarily the responsibility of the Ministry of Agriculture, Forests and Fisheries (MAFF) and the Ministry of environment. There are, however, many non-governmental organizations (NGOs) working in the area, from United Nations (UN) agencies and other global bodies to locally-registered ef='https://opendevelopmentcambodia.net/topics/forest-protection-ngos/ ' class='cambodia-color'>...
Civil and commercial litigation
Since 1993, the Royal Government of Cambodia (RGC) has been working to reform the country’s legal framework, and in particular the application of justice, to provide a clear and fixed procedural system to ensure respect for individual rights and equality before the courts.105 In theory, ef='https://opendevelopmentcambodia.net/topics/civil-and-commercial-litigation/ ' class='cambodia-color'>...
Constitution and rights
The Constitution of the Kingdom of Cambodia was officially promulgated by Royal Kram on 24 September 1993. Image designed by Open Development Cambodia (ODC), 10 September 2021. Licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0.The 1993 Constitution of the Kingdom of Cambodia is the supreme law of the ef='https://opendevelopmentcambodia.net/topics/constitution-and-rights/ ' class='cambodia-color'>...
Economy and commerce
Counting money. Photo by Aaron Gilson, taken on 5 April 2013. Licensed under CC BY-NC-ND 2.0.Cambodia re-opened for international trade in the 1980s, opened up to foreign investment in 1994, joined ASeAN in 1999, and became a member of the WTO in 2004. Its bilateral ef='https://opendevelopmentcambodia.net/topics/economy-and-commerce/ ' class='cambodia-color'>...
State public land
State public land has a public interest value or provides a public service. The land is inalienable, although it can be leased for limited uses that do not alter or damage its public value. State public land should only be reclassified if the land no ef='https://opendevelopmentcambodia.net/topics/state-public-land/ ' class='cambodia-color'>...
Oil transport
Despite having both onshore and offshore oil discoveries in the country, Cambodia does not produce oil and has been importing petroleum products from Vietnam, Thailand and Singapore. The Cambodia Trucking Association (CAMTA) says it controls around 70% of the Kingdom’s transportation. ef='https://opendevelopmentcambodia.net/topics/oil-transport/ ' class='cambodia-color'>...
Biodiversity
Biodiversity or Biological Resources: Various organisms in the same or different species and living organisms of all levels and sources, including land, marine and freshwater ecosystems, and the ecological relationships in which these ecosystems exist.254 Biodiversity is essential for most of the resources used by ef='https://opendevelopmentcambodia.net/topics/biodiversity/ ' class='cambodia-color'>...
Biofuel crops
Biofuel crops have a significant potential for contributing to future energy requirements worldwide. Agricultural lands offer energy farming as an alternative to their usual role of food production. Biofuel crops are an environmentally valuable means of sustainable energy production.295 The demand for transport fuels in ef='https://opendevelopmentcambodia.net/topics/biofuel-crops/ ' class='cambodia-color'>...
Forests and forestry
Cambodia’s forests have seen a significant reduction of total forest and dense forest cover in recent years, the growth of plantations, particularly rubber, and an ongoing problem with illegal logging. ef='https://opendevelopmentcambodia.net/topics/forests-and-forestry/ ' class='cambodia-color'>...
Drought
Cassava farm in Siem Reap, Cambodia. Photo by CIAT, taken on 09 December 2014. Licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 2.0The drought that Cambodia experiences is a shortage of water that is typically caused by:late onset of the rainy season (which normally occurs from May/June to October and ef='https://opendevelopmentcambodia.net/topics/drought/ ' class='cambodia-color'>...
Banking and financial services policy and regulation
Political stability and economic growth of all sectors have played vital role in building the public and foreign investors’ confidence and maintaining the safety and soundness of banking system in Cambodia. The banking sector continues to have substantial growth as it shares 82.2% in the ef='https://opendevelopmentcambodia.net/topics/banking-and-financial-services-policy-and-regulation/ ' class='cambodia-color'>...
Pandemics
Pandemics are disease epidemics that spread from person to person as a result of human-to-human transmission. Many medical texts do not define the term “pandemic”. However, some key characteristics of pandemics, including wide geographic spread, disease movement, novelty, severity, high attack rates and explosiveness, minimal ef='https://opendevelopmentcambodia.net/topics/pandemics/ ' class='cambodia-color'>...
Solid waste
Trash collection in Siem Reap province, Cambodia. Photo taken by David Villa, taken on 12 January 2008. Licensed under CC BY 4.0 DeeD.Solid waste is defined as “used things, materials, or products that remain or are generated from human daily activities and livelihood and do ef='https://opendevelopmentcambodia.net/topics/solid-waste/ ' class='cambodia-color'>...
Law and Judiciary
National Assembly of Cambodia. Photo by Sorn Seang Heng, taken on 12 June 2010. Licensed under CC-BY 2.0.With a constitution written a little more than 20 years ago, the current rule of law in Cambodia is relatively new, and continues to be shaped by many ef='https://opendevelopmentcambodia.net/topics/law-and-judiciary/ ' class='cambodia-color'>...
Imports
The total value of Cambodia’s international trade amounted to $35.8 billion in 2020, a 2.5 percent increase on the $34.9 billion in 2019 even after the Covid-19 pandemic slowed global trade, according to Ministry of Commerce (MoC) reports from 2020. The main sources of Cambodia’s ef='https://opendevelopmentcambodia.net/topics/imports/ ' class='cambodia-color'>...
Off-shore oil and gas exploration and extraction
For the purposes of oil and gas exploration, six Offshore Blocks (A–F) have been set out. Significant finds of oil have been made in Block A, but no oil has yet been extracted. ef='https://opendevelopmentcambodia.net/topics/off-shore-oil-and-gas-exploration-and-extraction/ ' class='cambodia-color'>...
Industrial mining
There is no large industrial-scale extraction of minerals carried out in Cambodia yet, but many exploration licenses have been granted and some mining companies have reported promising finds of minerals such as gold. Today companies from China, Korea, Vietnam, Australia and elsewhere are exploring for ef='https://opendevelopmentcambodia.net/topics/industrial-mining-2/ ' class='cambodia-color'>...
National parks and wildlife sanctuaries
Cambodia’s national parks (or ‘natural parks’) and wildlife preserves were established under the 1993 Royal Decree on the Protection of Natural Areas. Although other areas have been added subsequently, there is currently no officially available list of all protected areas and their boundaries. ef='https://opendevelopmentcambodia.net/topics/national-parks-and-wildlife-sanctuaries/ ' class='cambodia-color'>...
