ODC English Site
Cambodia and China Ink Aid, Trade Deals
- 22 August 2011
- The Cambodia Daily
- Aid and development / Bilateral development assistance / Chinese aid / Coal / Economy and commerce / Extractive Industries / Extractive industries policy and administration / Industrial mining / Minerals and mineral products / Mining / Non-DAC members
- agriculture laboratory / bauxite mines / business deals / Cam GSM / Cambodia / Cambodia International Investment Development Group / Cambodian Government / Chhum Sucheat / China’s Political Bureau / Chinese aid / Chinese Communist Party / coal / Defense Ministry / Defense Ministry spokesman / foreign investors / Huawei Technologies / Inner Mongolia Erdo Hongjun / Kith Meng / loans / military assistance / military deals / military helicopters / Ministry of Finance / mobile telecommunications / mondolkiri / Phnom Penh / power plant / Prime Minister Hun Sen / RCAF / rice mills / road renovations / Royal Group / satellites / UI Navy / US Embassy / wikileaks / Z-9s / Zhou Yongkang
Prime Minister Hun Sen and a visiting top Chinese official on Saturday presided over the signing of 29 letters and memoranda covering a broad range of business and military deals, including a $195.5 million loan for Cambodia to purchase Chinese-made military helicopters. A summary of ...
The New Asian Century
- 20 August 2011
- Economics Today
- Economy and commerce / Social development / The poor
- 7th Asia Economic Forum / accountability / Asia 2050: Realizing the Asian Century / Asian Development Bank (ADB) / Cambodia / Chinese aid / Competitiveness / debt crisis / domestic investment / Dr. Hang Chuon Naron / Dr. Thein Swe / economies / entrepreneurs / Eurozone / foreign investment / GDP / global recession / global recovery / governance / income growth / Indian aid / Indonesia / Inflation / Investors / Japanese aid / Korea / Malaysian aid / Ministry of Economy and Finance / natural resources / New Asian Century / Phnom Penh / poverty reduction / productivity / Professor in Economics at Payap University Thailand / prosperity / Secretary of State / subsidies / sustainable development / Tariffs / Thailand / The Asian Century in the Making: Achievement Challenges and Future Trends / transparency / US Economy / World Bank / World Development Indicators
With growing uncertainty in the US economy and an unfolding fiscal and debt crisis in the Eurozone after the global recession in 2008, Asia is expected to continue leading the global recovery. Under such circumstances, the 21st Century is emerging as the “New Asian Century”, ...
Fertilizer Giant Opens New Branch
- 20 August 2011
- Economics Today
- Economy and commerce / Land
- Battambang Province / Bui Minh Tien / Cambodia / Cambodian Deputy Prime Minister / Cambodian market / Chemicals Joint Stock Company / Chhun Sok An / Donations / Farmers / Fertilizer / Heng Pich Chay / Kandal Province / long-term investments / PetroVietnam Fertilizer / Phnom Penh / PVFCCo / Sam An / Takeo Province / urea / Vietnam National Oil and Gas Group
The PetroVietnam Fertilizer and Chemicals Joint Stock Company (PVFCCo) officially inaugurated its branch in Cambodia on July 29 with an aim to sell products directly to local farmers. Since the establishment of its representative office in Phnom Penh in May 2010, PVFCCo, an affiliate of ...
South Korea Will Help Restore Ancient Khmer Temple
- 20 August 2011
- The Southeast Asia Weekly
- Aid and development / Bilateral development assistance / Development Assistance Committee (DAC) members / Economy and commerce / Industries / Siem Reap / South Korean aid / Tourism
- aid / Cambodian Government / Council of Ministers / Deputy Prime Minister / Ek Tha / Heritage Promotion Bureau / International Coordination Committee / International Documentation Center / international organizations / Korean Language / Korean Tourism / Mr. Park Yung Keun / Office of the Council of Ministers / Preah Pitou Temple / researchers / restoration projects / roads / Siem Reap / Sok An / South Korean aid / UNESCO / World Heritage Committee / World Heritage Site
South Korea plans to restore the ancient Khmer temple, Preah Pitou at western Baray and other temples in Siem Reap, home of a world-class tourism destination. The restoration project was announced after the meeting between Deputy Prime Minister Dr. Sok An, Minister in charge of ...
Japan Loans over $53 Million to Improve Agriculture and Education
- 20 August 2011
- The Southeast Asia Weekly
- Aid and development / Bilateral development assistance / Development Assistance Committee (DAC) members / Economy and commerce / Education and training / Education policy and administration / Japanese aid / Social development
- Agricultural Production / Agro-business company / aid / Bantey Meanchey Province / Battambang Province / canal systems / Climate Change / concessional loans / Deputy Prime Minister / dikes / draught / education / Farmland / flooding / Foreign Ministry of Cambodia / Green Mekong Initiatives on Climate Change / Hor Namhong / Institute of Technology of Cambodia / irrigation / Japanese aid / Japanese Ambassador to Cambodia / JICA / Kandal Province / Kapot Province / Kratie Province / Lim Kean Hor / loans / Masafumi Kuroki / Mekong river / Mekong Summit / minerals / Minister of Foreign Affairs / Ministry of Water Resource and Metrology / natural disasters / Plantations / poverty / Preah Vihear Province / Prey Veng Province / Prime Minister Hun Sen / Pursat Province / resources / rice fields / Siem Reap Province / Stung Treng Province / Svay Rieng Province / Takeo Province / Tonle Sap / topology / water locks
Cambodia will receive a concessional loan package of $53.3 million US dollars from Japan to restore the irrigation canal system and another $700,000 dollars grant aid to enhance education materials for minerals resources and topology department of the Institute of Technology of Cambodia (ITC), the ...
Lakeside Deal Skips Village 1
- 19 August 2011
- The Phnom Penh Post
- Infrastructure / Land / Rail / Transport infrastructure and facilities
- Boeung Kak Lake / Cambodia / compensation / evictions / Kep Chuktema / Land dispute / Lao Meng Khin’s Shukaku Inc / Ministry of Transport / Phnom Penh / Phnom Penh Govonor / Phnom Penh Municipal Hall / Pov Choeurn / Prime Minister Hun Sen / Property tax / real estate development / Sra Chak Commune / sub-decree / Toll Royal Railway / train lines / Village 1 / World Bank
Hundreds of families at Boeung Kak lake would receive land titles next week, Phnom Penh governor Kep Chuktema announced yesterday, but one village has been excluded from the deal that all but ends Phnom Penh’s highest-profile land dispute. At a meeting with about 500 villagers ...
Prey Long Forest Protesters Rounded Up, 'Reeducated'
- 19 August 2011
- The Cambodia Daily
- Economy and commerce / Environment and natural resources / Ethnic minorities and indigenous people / Forests and forestry / Human rights / Land / Social development
- Avatar / Cambodia / Cambodia Center for Human Rights / cash crop plantations / Chamkar Mon District / Chor Kimsor / Community Legal Education Center / deforestation / environmental protesters / exploitation / human rights groups / illegal logging / indigenous minorities / Kompong Thom Province / Kratie Province / Kuy / LICADHO / Licenses / mining companies / Phnom Penh / Preah Vihear Province / Prey Long Community Network / Prey Long Forest / private businesses / reeducate / rights groups / Royal Palace / Southeast Asia / Stung Treng Province / villagers / Yeng Virak
Authorities in Phnom Penh briefly detained about 100 villagers yesterday who were distributing leaflets to raise awareness of the ongoing destruction of Prey Long, one of Cambodia’s largest remaining primary forests. The leaflet distributors had their materials confiscated and were escorted to six commune offices ...
HLH to Expand With Corn, Rice Plantations
- 18 August 2011
- The Cambodia Daily
- Agricultural production / Agriculture and fishing / Economic land concessions and plantations / Economy and commerce / Environment and natural resources / Environmental and biodiversity protection / Ethnic minorities and indigenous people / Forests and forestry / Human rights / Land / Land tenure and land titling / National parks and wildlife sanctuaries / Protected forest / Public land lease / Social development / Soybeans / Trade
- agricultural concessions / Cambodia / Cambodian Government / Chemicals / Corn / ethnic peoples / extinction / Farmland / flood / Hun Sen / Hun Seng Ny / Johnny Ong / Koh Kong Province / Kompong Speu Province / Oral District / pesticides / Phnom Aural Wildlife Sanctuary / Phnom Penh / Plantations / revenue / rice / So Sokhom / soybeans / Suoy Community
Singapore-listed firm HLH Group is planning to expand its presence in Cambodia with 90,000 hectares of corn, rice and soybean plantations planned over the next decade in Kompong Speu and Koh Kong provinces, an official at the company said yesterday. HLH Group came under scrutiny ...
(Simon Marks and Kuch Naren, p 29)
http://www.camnet.com.kh/cambodia.daily/
Cambodian 'Avatars' Rally to Save Forest
- 18 August 2011
- AFP
- Environment and natural resources / Ethnic minorities and indigenous people / Forest classifications / Forests and forestry / Human rights / Land / Rubber / Social development
- Avatar / Cambodia / deforestation / endangered animals / environmental activists / illegal logging / indigenous peoples / Kuy People / Land concessions / mineral exploitation / monks / Phnom Penh / Police / Prey Lang Forest / protests / Royal Palace / rubber plantations / Southeast Asia / villagers
More than one hundred villagers dressed as the forest people from the hit film “Avatar” protested in the Cambodian capital Thursday against the destruction of the country’s Prey Lang forestThey say the forest, which is a source of livelihood for some 200,000 mainly indigenous people, ...
Deals to Export Rice, Cassave to China Made
- 17 August 2011
- The Cambodia Daily
- Agriculture and fishing / Economy and commerce / Exports / Rice / Trade
- Corn / Kith Seng / milling factories / Ministry of Agriculture / Na Marady / Sihanoukville Autonomous Port / soybeans / Xu Gefei
Cambodia’s TTY Corporation Co Ltd signed a $20 million deal yesterday with the state-owned China Grain Reserves Corp to process and export rice to China. The deal between TTY Corp and China Grain Reserves Corp’s Guangzhou branch, called Sinograin, was sealed with an agreement to ...
(Hul Reaksmey, p 27)
http://www.camnet.com.kh/cambodia.daily/
WWF calls for action to save Mekong dolphins
- 17 August 2011
- AFP
- Environment and natural resources
- Cambodia / Cambodian Government / Commission to Conserve Mekong River Dolphins and Develop Eco-tourism / conservation zones / conservationists / dolphins / Eco-tourism / extinction / fishing nets / illegal fishing / Irrawaddy dolphins / Laos / Li Lifeng / Mekong river / Phnom Penh / pollution / Touch Seang Tana / World Wildlife Fund / WWF
Conservation group WWF on Wednesday called for urgent action to prevent the extinction of freshwater dolphins in the Mekong River, including the creation of special conservation zones. Entanglement in fishing nets, low calf survival rates and a steady degradation of the creature’s habitat are threatening ...
Premier Defends Sesan Dam, Says Critics Are Scaremongering
- 17 August 2011
- The Cambodia Daily
- Economy and commerce / Energy / Environment and natural resources / Land
- displaced communities / environmental campaign organization International Rivers / EVN / Fish / Fisheries experts / Hydropower dams / Lower Sesan 2 dam / Media / Mekong river / Mekong River Commission’s Strategic Environmental Assessment / NGOs / opposition parties / Prime Minister Hun Sen / Sesan river / Son Chhay / Srepok River / SRP / Stung Treng Province / Tonle Sap river
Prime Minister Hun Sen defended the government’s plan for Strung Treng province’s 400-megawatt Lower Sesan 2 dam project in a letter to an SRP lawmaker, and accused opposition parties, NGOs and the media of exaggerating the negative impacts of hydropower dams. In the six-page letter ...
Lake Residents Granted Bloc of Development Land
- 16 August 2011
- Voice of America (VOA)
- Land
- Annette Dixon / Boeung Kak Lake / Cambodian Land Policies / Center on Housing Rights and Evictions / evictions / Fraud / Government / Housing Rights Task Force / Hun Sen / lake residents / NGOs / Phnom Penh / Police / prime minister / protests / Shukaku Inc / Sia Phearum / World Bank
Thousands of Boeung Kak lake residents who have been fighting a protracted battle with Phnom Penh and a development company have seen their fortunes reversed and have been granted a small plot of land on which to resettle. Prime Minister Hun Sen signed a subdecree ...
Comprehensive Land Policy Is Under Construction
In response to the vision of land policy in Cambodia, which is to administer, manage, use and distribute land in an equitable, transparent, efficient, and sustainable manner in order to contribute to achieving national goals of poverty alleviation, ensuring food security, national resources and environmental ...
Climate Change Considered as Flooding Hits Cambodia
- 15 August 2011
- The Phnom Penh Post
- Agriculture and fishing / Disasters / Environment and natural resources / Floods
- Brian Lund / Cambodia Climate Change Alliance / Climate Change / Crop Failures / flooding / Global Environmental Facility / Kalyan Keo / Kratie Province / Ministry of Environment / Ministry of Water Resources / monsoon rains / National Climate Change Committee / Oxfam / Red Cross / Rice Farming / Takeo Province / Traing District / Tralach Commune / UNDP / United Nations Development Programme
The wet season had come and gone with almost no rain. Despite the best efforts of the farmers from Tralach commune, in Takeo province’s Traing district, widespread crop failures two years ago brought the community to the economic, and dietary, brinkThis week, farmers in Kratie ...
Cambodian, Chinese Firms Sign Cassava Purchase Agreement
- 15 August 2011
- Cambodia Today
- Agriculture and fishing / Biofuel crops / Crop products and commodities / Rubber
- Cai Yongfeng President China National Food Industry Group / Cassava / China National Food Industry Group Corp. / Chinese aid / Chinese Market / Gao Hong Zhi CEO Le Ye Rubber Co. / Kith Seng / Le Ye Rubber Co. / Ministry of Agriculture
The China National Food Industry (Group) Corp and Cambodia’s Le Ye Rubber Co. on Sunday signed a cassava purchase deal. The agreement was signed between Cai Yongfeng, the president of China National Food Industry Group, and Gao Hong Zhi, CEO of Le Ye Rubber Co. ...
http://cambodiatodayz.com/cambodian-chinese-firms-sign-cassava-purchase-agreement.html
Protected forest ‘is finished’
- 11 August 2011
- The Phnom Penh Post
- Agriculture and fishing / Economic land concessions and plantations / Economy and commerce / Environment and natural resources / Environmental and biodiversity protection / National parks and wildlife sanctuaries / Protected forest
- agro-industrial development / agro-industry / An Mady Group Co Ltd / Boeung Per / Boeung Per Wildlife Sanctuary / business / Chhut Vuthy / Chhut Vuthy Director of the Natural Resources Protection Group / concession land / concessions / Development / Director of the Natural Resources Protection Group / Director of the Natural Resources Protection Group Chhut Vuthy / fishing cat / Forest / Government / government-backed appropriation / government-backed appropriations / Hun Sen / Kampong Thom / Kampong Thom Province / Kompong Thom / Kompong Thom Province / Kui / Kui ethnic minority / Kulen Promtep / Kulen Promtep Wildlife Sanctuary / land / Land concessions / Lim Heng / Mekong Rubber Co / Ministry of Environment / Ministry of Environment Secretary of State Thuk Kroeun Vutha / muntjac deer / natural resources / Natural Resources Protection Group / Okhna An Mady / Plantations / Preah Vihear / Preah Vihear Community Network for Action / Preah Vihear Province / Preah Vihear’s Rovieng district / prime minister / private land / Protected land / reclassified / resin / resin trees / resources / Romny / Romny commune / Romny commune of Preah Vihear’s Rovieng district / Rovieng / Rovieng District / Royal Decree / rubber / rubber plantations / Secretary of State at the Ministry of Environment Thuk Kroeun Vutha / Sovanpaum Co / threatened species / Thuk Kroeun Vutha / Thuk Kroeun Vutha Secretary of State at the Ministry of Environment / timber / trees / Try Pheap Import Export Co Ltd / Wildlife Sanctuary
In the latest government backed appropriation of protected land, nearly 20,000 hectares of the Boeung Per wildlife sanctuary have been reclassified as state private land for agro-industrial development. Two sub-decrees, obtained by The Post this week and initialed by Prime Minister Hun Sen on July ...
Tycoon’s dredging tests locals’ patience
- 10 August 2011
- The Phnom Penh Post
- Economy and commerce / Environment and natural resources / Industries / Tourism
- Andaet Island / Ban / Bun Leut / Bun Leut Provincial Governor / Cambodia / Council of Ministers / Council of Ministers spokesman Phay Siphan / CPP Senator Ly Yong Phat / Dredging / dredging licence / dredging operation / Dredging operations / eco-resorts / Economics / ecotourism / environment / Governmnet Officials / Hun Sen / industry minister Suy Sem / King of Koh Kong / Koh Kong / Licence / Lim Kean Hor Minister for Water Resources / local environment / Lower Tatai / Ly Yong Phat / LYP Group / Minister for Water Resources / Minister for Water Resources Lim Kean Hor / Ministry of Industry Mining and Energy / NGOs / Pech Siyon / Pech Siyon Koh Kong provincial director department of Industry Mines and Energy / Phay Siphan / Phay Siphan spokesman for the Council of Ministers / poaching / Political Wrangling / prime minister / provincial authorities / provincial governor Bun Leut / Regulations / resorts / Sand / sand dredging / Sand Resource Management Committee / Senator Ly Yong Phat / Singapore Ministry of National Development / Suy Sem / Suy Sem Industry Minister / Tatai river / temporary ban / Tourism / tourism investment / tourism operators / Upper Tatai / villagers / Water Resources Minister
Ruling party senator Ly Yong Phat has defied an order endorsed by the Prime Minster to halt his controversial sand dredging activities on the Tatai river in Koh Kong, prompting authorities to request intervention, documents obtained by The Post reveal. The dredging operation on the ...
Phnom Penh Governor Says Lake Families to Get Land Titles
- 10 August 2011
- The Cambodia Daily
- Land / Phnom Penh
- Boeng Kak / Cambodian Government / Center on Housing Rights and Evictions / CPP / development site / forced evictions / Housing Rights Task Force / Kep Chuktema / Land titles / maps / Phnom Penh City Hall / Phnom Penh Governor / Phnom Penh Municipality / Police / Prime Minister Hun Sen / protests / Real estate / rights groups / Rolando Modina / Sia Phearum / sub-decree / Tep Vanny / World Bank
For the first time since Phnom Penh municipality slated some 4,000 mostly poor families for forced eviction in 2007 to make way for a CPP senator’s controversial real estate project, City Hall yesterday promised them what they have always wanted most: titles to their land. ...
Adhoc Calls for Stronger Indigenous Land Rights
- 10 August 2011
- The Cambodia Daily
- Ethnic minorities and indigenous people / Human rights / Social development
- Adhoc / Adhoc Techincal Assistant Orla Kelly / Agro-Business / agro-business concessions / Beng Hong Socheat Khemro / Beng Hong Socheat Khemro spokesman for the Ministry of Land Management / business / collective land titles / Collective Titling / Concession / Forest / Forests / Government / Human Rights group / Indigenous Communities / Indigenous Land Rights / Indigenous Pople / International Indigenous People's Day / land / Land concessions / Land Law / Land rights / law / Law on Forestry / Laws / Legislation / Ministry of Land Management / Ministry of Land Management spokesman Beng Hong Socheat Khemro / minority groups / Native Territories / Orla Kelly / Orla Kelly Techincal Assistant for Adhoc / Protected Areas Law / state land
The government must correctly implement the Land Law and allow indigenous people greater access to collective titling of their native territories, human rights group Adhoc said yesterday in a statement. Although there is a provision in the Land Law allowing indigenous groups to obtain collective ...
Villagers Face Hefty Court Fees in Land Dispute
- 10 August 2011
- The Cambodia Daily
- Human rights / Judiciary and courts / Social development
- Adhoc / Adhoc chief monitor Chan Soveth / Cambodia / Chan Soveth / Chan Soveth chief monitor ofr Adhoc / Chea Kheng / Chea Kheng owner KDC Development / Chea Kheng wife of Suy Sem / court / court fees / Disputed Land / district authorities / farming / Fees / Human Rights / human rights worker / Kampong Chhnang / Kampong Chhnang Provincial Court / KDC Development / KDC Development owner Chea Kheng / Kompong Chhnang / Kompong Chhnang Provincial Court / land / Land dispute / Lor Peang / Lor Peang village / Minister of Industry / Minister of Industry Suy Sem / Poverty Classification Card / Provincial Court / Sous Sipay Ta Ches Commune Chief / Suos Sipay / Suy Sem / Suy Sem Minister of Industry / Ta Ches / Ta Ches commune / Ta Ches Commune's Lor Peang Villag / villagers
Kompong Chhnang Provincial Court has ordered 40 families embroiled in a long-running land dispute with the wife of Minister of Industry Suy Sem to pay court fees of up to $155 each, or have their complaints dropped. The villagers, however, say they are too poor ...
Forest on the auction block
- 9 August 2011
- The Phnom Penh Post
- Agriculture and fishing / Environment and natural resources / Environmental and biodiversity protection / National parks and wildlife sanctuaries / Protected forest / Siem Reap
- Adhoc / Adhoc head of land programme Ouch Leng / agricultural development / Agriculture & Agri-business / Anlong Veng / Anlong Veng District / businessmen / Chut Wutty / Chut Wutty director of the Natural Resource Protection Group / compensation / concessions / developing agriculture / Development / diverse species / environment / environmental impact / environmental impact assessments / Forest / forest areas / Government / Hun Sen / illegal loging / Illegal poaching / Kulen Promptep / Kulen Promptep Sanctuary / land / Land concessions / law / leases / logging / Ministry of Environment / Ministry of Environment secretary of state Thuk Kreun Vutha / National Park / Natural Resource Protection Group / Natural Resource Protection Group director Chut Wutty / NGOs / Oddar Meanchey / Oddar Meanchey Province / Oddar Meanchey's Anlong Veng District / Ouch Leng / Ouch Leng head of the land programme at Adhoc / Phnom Oral Wildlife Sanctuary / poaching / Preah Vihear / Preah Vihear Province / prime minister / Private Companies / private firms / reclassified / Siem Reap / Siem Reap Province / state / state private land / Thuk Kreun Vutha / Thuk Kreun Vutha secretary of state at the Ministry of Environment / token crops / villagers / wildlife / Wildlife Sanctuary
Almost 30,000 hectares of a wildlife sanctuary in Oddar Meanchey, Siem Reap and Preah Vihear provinces have been reclassified as state private land for agricultural development, drawing sharp criticism from rights groups. Four sub-decrees signed by Prime Minister Hun Sen on July 22 reclassify land ...
http://www.phnompenhpost.com/index.php/2011080950943/National-news/forest-on-the-auction-block.html
World Bank stops funds for Cambodia over evictions
- 9 August 2011
- Reuters
- Aid and development / Economy and commerce / Environment and natural resources / Multilateral development assistance / Phnom Penh / World Bank
- agricultural projects / Agriculture & Agri-business / aid / Annette Dixon / Annette Dixon World Bank Country Director / bank / Beijing / Boeung Kak Lake / Boeung Kak Lake Area / Cambodia / Cambodian tycoons / central government / Chinese aid / developer / development money / developments / documents / donor countries / eviction / evictions / Farmland / FDI / financing / firm / forced eviction / forced evictions / foreign aid / foreign direct investment / foreign firms / Government / Housing / human rights groups / Inner Mongolia Erdos Hongjun Investment Corp / Khmer Rouge / lake / land / land management / land ownership / legal documents / Lending / loan / loans / local government / metal processing / mining / Mining projects / on-site housing / Phnom Penh / Power Generation / prime real estate / Real estate / real estate developments / residents of Boeung Kak lake / Southeast Asia / urban areas / World Bank / World Bank Country Director Annette Dixon
The World Bank said on Tuesday it had stopped providing loans to Cambodia and would not resume lending until the government did something to help hundreds of families facing eviction from land around a lake in the country’s capital, Phnom Penh. “The World Bank’s last ...
http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/08/09/cambodia-worldbank-idUSL3E7J920D20110809
90 Garment Factory Workers Faint Over Two-Day Period
- 8 August 2011
- The Cambodia Daily
- Human rights / Social development
- Cambodia / Chea Mony / Chea Mony President of the Free Trade Union / Free Trade Union / FTU / garment factory workers / Human Rights group / Huy Hansong / labor conditions / Mak Hong / Mak Hong Sen Sok district police chief / Ministry of Labor / Oum Mean / Oum Mean secretary of state at the Ministry of Labor / Phnom Penh Thmei / Police / Sen Sok / union officials / working conditions / Zhen Tai / Zhen Tai Garment (Cambodia) Co Ltd
About 90 garment factory workers fainted over a two-day period last week at Zhen Tai garment factory in Sen Sok district’s Phnom Penh Thmei commune, union officials and police said yesterday, though accounts of what caused the mass fainting differed. Thirty workers first fainted on ...