Under Cambodia’s Constitution, all Khmer citizens have equal status before the law, regardless of wealth or station.1 This promotes a political principle called the rule of law,2 an ideal that all members of a society, both the people and the State, are held equally accountable by their country’s Constitution and laws.3
On international rankings for this area, however, Cambodia rates poorly.
- In 2020, the World Justice Project rated the rule of law in 128 countries, giving scores ranging from 0 to 1, with 1 indicating the strongest adherence to the rule of law. Cambodia scored 0.33, the second-poorest performance, with only Venezuela lower.4
- The World Bank’s Worldwide Governance Indicators include consideration of rule of law. Cambodia received a 2019 ranking of 17.79 for this category (0 corresponds to the lowest, and 100 corresponds to the highest rank).5
- Transparency International’s Corruption Perceptions Index for 2020 rated 180 countries by their perceived levels of public sector corruption. In their scoring, 0 is highly corrupt and 100 is very clean. Cambodia scored 21, ranked in 160th (High levels of corruption correlate with poor rule of law.)
One way to support the rule of law is to provide legal aid, free or low-cost legal counseling or attorney services to those who would otherwise be unable to afford it. Access to an attorney advances the rule of law by ensuring disadvantaged Khmer citizens are properly informed of their legal rights. It also enables citizens to adequately pursue those rights in a court of law.6
Nearly one hundred young lawyers attended at Cambodia Bridges to Justice's training on the newest way to advance access to justice: a mobile phone application set to revolutionize legal aid in Cambodia. Photo by International Bridges to Justice (IBJ), taken on 31 July 2019. Licenses not specified.
Access to legal aid has been addressed in Cambodia’s Constitution and in the Criminal Procedure Code. Article 38 of Cambodia’s Constitution holds that all citizens shall be granted the right to an effective legal defense.7 This is expanded in the Criminal Procedure Code, where the accused may either be represented by an attorney of their choice or may request that the court appoint them an attorney.8 When the accused is a minor, or a felony charge is raised, the assistance of an attorney is compulsory.9
In practice, legal aid provided by attorneys which may be from a variety of organizations. Most lawyers provinding legal aid are mandated by the Legal Aid Department of the Bar Association of the Kingdom of Cambodia (BAKC). While the Bar Association itself is self-financed by the contributions of its member lawyers,10 legal aid is mainly funded by the Royal Government of Cambodia, which reportedly budgeted US$500,000 for this in 2021.11 Foreign donors and international organizations also provide support.12 Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) can also be legal aid providers, funded by international donors.13 Additionally, private law firms, public interest law firms14 and the newly created governmental task force deploy attorneys to provide legal help.15
There are two primary forms of legal aid and both are provided in Cambodia: direct legal services and legal education and access to it.16 Direct legal service is assistance tailored to an individual’s specific legal situation. This can take the form of legal representation in court or legal counseling and advice.17 Additionally, direct legal services include alternative dispute resolution, where individuals are aided in settling disagreements outside the formal judicial process.18 Direct legal services are provided by attorneys, both from BAKC and from other organizations.
The second form of legal aid is community education and the provision of self-help resources. This form of aid is not tailored to an individual’s specific legal situation, but instead aims to boost legal literacy in general. With community education, citizens are enabled to better understand their rights and pursue legal remedies without the direct aid of an attorney.19 Community education is only offered by a limited number of NGOs such as the Community Legal Education Center (CLEC)20 or International Bridges to Justice (IBJ),21 which create these training programmes in parallel with their legal aid services.
Bar Association of the Kingdom of Cambodia | NGOs* | Public Interest Firms |
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Legal aid is still largely inaccessible to many Cambodians. This is due to both a lack of funding for legal aid services and an insufficient number of attorneys available to assist low-income clients.22 The BAKC reported that, in 2017, each legal aid case they handled would receive an estimated $44 USD of funding.23 Additionally, funding for NGOs that provide legal aid has drastically declined in recent years. This is due to general donor fatigue, caused in part by an international perception that judicial reform has been unsuccessful in Cambodia.24
Additionally, Cambodia does not have enough attorneys to serve its general population, with around 1500 attorneys (in 2019) eligible to practice law in Cambodia25 compared to a total population of approximately 15 million people.26 Further, in 2017, the BAKC reported that, of those attorneys, only 200 were assigned to provide legal aid.27 As a result, there are too few attorneys to support Cambodia’s legal aid needs.
Source: Khmer Times,28 UNDP & UNODC29
Rural communities experience additional difficulties accessing legal aid. There are no local bar associations in the provinces and few private law firms.30 There are limited incentives for attorneys to work, and therefore provide legal assistance, outside of major metropolitan areas. As a result, roughly 90% of Cambodian attorneys work in Phnom Penh,31 despite 79% of Cambodia’s general population living in rural areas.32
Several different strategies have been suggested to reform legal aid in Cambodia. The Parliamentary Institute of Cambodia has suggested that the two best methods for improving the country’s legal aid would be to (1) increase government funding for the BAKC’s Legal Aid Department and (2) establish a local bar association in each province.33 This reform appears to be urgently needed, with the fatigue of international donors who fund legal aid NGOs. Some NGOs have had to close their doors while others have seen their staff and resources shrink.34
Related to Legal aid
- Law and Judiciary
- Legal aid policy and regulation
- Legal aid providers
- Social development
- SDG 16 Peace, justice and strong institutions
References
- 1. "Constitution of the Kingdom of Cambodia," art. 31, 2008, accessed September 2019
- 2. Hor Peng, Kong Phallack & Jorg Menzel, "Introduction to Cambodian Law, Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung," 2012, accessed September 2019.
- 3. Jessica Vapnek, Peter Boaz, & Helga Turku, “Improving Access to Justice in Developing and Post-Conflict Countries: Practical Examples from the Field,” Duke Forum for Law & Social Change, 2016, accessed September 2019.
- 4. World Justice Project, “Rule of Law Index 2020,” 2020, accessed May 17, 2021.
- 5. "World Bank Worldwide Governance Indicators," accessed May 17, 2021.
- 6. UNODC, “Global Study on Legal Aid," Global Report, October 2016, accessed September 2019.
- 7. "Constitution of the Kingdom of Cambodia," art. 31, 2008, accessed September 2019.
- 8. "Criminal Procedure Code of Kingdom of Cambodia," art. 300, accessed September 2019.
- 9. "Criminal Procedure Code of Kingdom of Cambodia," art. 301, accessed September 2019.
- 10. "Law on the Bar," art. 29.
- 11. Voun Dara, “Over 2000 receive free legal aid,” Phnom Penh Post, January 21, 2021, accessed May 19, 2021.
- 12. "Law on the Bar," art. 29.
- 13. Office of the High Commissioner on Human Rights (OHCHR), “Legal Aid Support,” September 28, 2015, accessed September 2019.
- 14. International Commission of Jurists, “Achieving Justice for Gross Human Rights Violations in Cambodia: Baseline Study,” October 2017, accessed September 2019.
- 15. Taing Vida, “PM tasks Lawyers’s Council to form special team for women,” Khmer Times, February 20, 2019.
- 16. UNODC, “United Nations Principles and Guidelines on Access to Legal Aid in Criminal Justice Systems,” June 2013, accessed September 2019.
- 17. Legal Aid of Cambodia, “Annual Report 2015,” 2016, accessed on September 2019.
- 18. International Development Law Organization, “Enhancing Access to Justice through Alternative Dispute Resolution in Kenya,” April 20, 2018, accessed September 2019.
- 19. Legal Aid of Cambodia, “Annual Report 2015,” 2016, accessed on September 2019.
- 20. Community Legal Education Center (CLEC), "Legal and Skill Training Courses," 2012.
- 21. International Bridges to Justice (IBJ), "Country Impact,".
- 22. Parliamentary Institute of Cambodia, “Roles and Duties of Cambodian Lawyers,” 2017, accessed September 2019.
- 23. Ben Sokhean, "Bar Members Bemoan Low Payment for Pro Bono Work," The Phnom Penh Post, October 17, 2017, accessed September 2019.
- 24. International Commission of Jurists, “Achieving Justice for Gross Human Rights Violations in Cambodia: Baseline Study,” October 2017, accessed September 2019.
- 25. Pech Sotheary “Justice Ministry collaborating on national legal aid policy,” Khmer Times, March 22, 2019, accessed September 2019.
- 26. "Estimation by the Cambodia Socio-Economic Survey 2017," accessed on September 2019.
- 27. Ben Sokhean, "Bar Members Bemoan Low Payment for Pro Bono Work," The Phnom Penh Post, October 17, 2017, accessed September 2019.
- 28. “Raising the bar for Cambodia’s lawyers,” Khmer Times, February 7, 2017, accessed September 2019
- 29. UNODC, UNDP, “Global Study on Legal Aid: Country Profiles,” December 2019, accessed September 2019
- 30. Parliamentary Institute of Cambodia, “Roles and Duties of Cambodian Lawyers,” 2017, accessed September 2019.
- 31. “Raising the bar for Cambodia’s lawyers,”Khmer Times, February 7, 2017, accessed September 2019.
- 32. The World Bank, “Urban Development in Phnom Penh,” December 20, 2017, accessed September 2019.
- 33. Parliamentary Institute of Cambodia, “Roles and Duties of Cambodian Lawyers,” 2017, accessed September 2019.
- 34. International Commission of Jurists, “Achieving Justice for Gross Human Rights Violations in Cambodia: Baseline Study,” October 2017, accessed September 2019.
